An update on vaginal and uterine eversions in cattle

Abstract

Eversion of the vagina or both uterine horns from the vulva are commonly referred to as vaginal and uterine prolapses (from ‘prolabi’ = to fall out) respectively. It is not unusual to encounter these cases in cattle practice, particularly in the developing world. Vaginal eversions usually occur before calving, and uterine eversions after calving. There is no relationship between the occurrences of these two conditions. A recent review provided an excellent description on the management of these conditions from the perspective of replacing, repairing, and, if need be, amputating the uterus.1 Noteworthy is a detailed description on manual eversion of the uterus to correct a uterine tear, a technique that involves the use of different pharmaceuticals.2,3 The purpose of this review is threefold. Primarily, to address these maladies and provide remedies with representative images, both real and created. Secondarily, to provide a summary of information reported in the global literature, including practical solutions provided by practitioners. Finally, a discussion will follow to address these clinical situations from a productive, fertility, and most importantly, from an animal welfare perspective.