A variety of teaching interventions to improve bovine transrectal palpation training
Keywords:
Transrectal palpation, bovine pregnancy diagnosis, competency, clinical skills training
Abstract
Pregnancy diagnosis by transrectal palpation (TRP) is a frequently performed procedure in bovine practice and an important competency for veterinary graduates. Student training for these skills has been identified as challenging, and reported training outcomes highlighted that students’ pregnancy diagnosis accuracy was an area that needed improvement. This led to a series of investigations evaluating specific teaching approaches aimed at optimizing TRP training and improving learning outcomes while decreasing the number of palpations needed to become competent, or in other words to ‘fast-track’ the transrectal palpation skill learning process. Gathered data were used to develop and implement research-based innovative teaching ideas, including optimized simulator training, in-training assessment methods, additional training opportunities linked to or not directly linked to the TRP skill itself, and the use of technology to improve skills training. This paper is a summary of these teaching interventions and elaborates on the background of those and why implementation is expected to improve student competence. Furthermore, even though the investigations described here are specific to bovine TRP and pregnancy diagnosis skills, they highlight an approach that can be applied to other clinical hands-on skills.
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References
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4. Nestel B, Creek M: The diagnosis of non-pregnancy in beef cattle in Jamaica. Its economic value to the farmer and to his veterinary surgeon. Vet Rec 1963;75:412–416.
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9. Albuja C, Ortiz O, Lopez C, et al: Economic impact of pregnancy loss in an intensive dairy farming system. Vet Mexico OA 2019;6:unpaginated. doi: 10.22201/fmvz.24486760e.2019.1.572
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11. Jaskowski JM, Kaczmarowski M, Kulus J, et al: Rectal palpation for pregnancy in cows: a relic or an alternative to modern diagnostic methods. Med Wet 2019;75:259–264. doi: 10.21521/mw.6156
12. Luby CD, McIntyre K, Jelinski MD: Skills required of dairy veterinarians in western Canada: a survey of practicing veterinarians. Can Vet J 2013;54:267–270.
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14. French HM, Dascanio JJ, Gilbert GE, et al: Bovine reproductive palpation training: does the cow make a difference? J Vet Med Educ 2018;45:219–223. doi: 10.3138/jvme.1116-172r
15. Lopes G, Rocha A: Teaching bovine rectal palpation with live cows in the slaughterhouse: is it worthwhile? Reprod Domest Anim 2006;41:510–513. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2006.00705.x
16. Baillie S, Crossan A, Brewster S, et al: Validation of a bovine rectal palpation simulator for training veterinary students. Stud Health Technol Inform 2005;111:33–36.
17. Ericsson KA, Charness N: Expert performance: its structure and acquisition. Am Psychol 1994;49:725–747. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.49.8.725
18. Jephcott SB, Norman ST: Pregnancy diagnosis in cattle. Brisbane; Australian Cattle Veterinarians: 2004.
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20. Annandale A, May CE, van der Leek ML, et al: Effect of a high-intensity one-week training programme and student-level variables on the bovine transrectal palpation and pregnancy diagnosis skills of final-year veterinary students. Vet Rec 2020;187:e99. doi: 10.1136/vr.105909
21. Baillie S, Crossan A, Reid S, et al: Preliminary development and evaluation of a bovine rectal palpation simulator for training veterinary students. Cattle Pract 2003;11:434–437.
22. Dilly M, Read EK, Baillie S: A Survey of established veterinary clinical skills laboratories from Europe and North America: present practices and recent developments. J Vet Med Educ 2017;44: 580–589. doi: 10.3138/jvme.0216-030R1
23. Malone E: Challenges & issues: evidence-based clinical skills teaching and learning: what do we really know? J Vet Med Educ 2019;46:379–398. doi: 10.3138/jvme.0717-094r1
24. Baillie S: Utilisation of simulators in veterinary training. Cattle Pract 2007;15:224–228.
25. Root Kustritz MV: Simulations in veterinary education. Clin Theriogenol 2014;6:607–610.
26. Scalese RJ, Issenberg SB: Effective use of simulations for the teaching and acquisition of veterinary professional and clinical skills. J Vet Med Educ 2005;32:461–467. doi: 10.3138/jvme.32.4.461
27. Iki Y, Ito T, Kudo K, et al: Animal ethics and welfare education in wet-lab training can foster residents’ ethical values toward life. Exp Anim 2017;66:313–320. doi: 10.1538/expanim.17-0026
28. Valliyate M, Robinson NG, Goodman JR: Current concepts in simulation and other alternatives for veterinary education: a review. Vet Med 2012;57:325–337. doi: 10.17221/6261-VETMED
29. Kneebone R, ApSimon D: Surgical skills training: simulation and multimedia combined. Med Educ 2001;35:909–915. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2923.2001.00997.x
30. de Boo J, Knight A: ‘Concepts in Animal Welfare’: a syllabus in animal welfare science and ethics for veterinary schools. J Vet Med Educ 2005;32:451–453. doi: 10.3138/jvme.32.4.451
31. Weichbrod RH, Thompson GA, Norton JN, editors: Management of animal care and use programs in research, education, and testing. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL; CRC Press/Taylor & Francis: 2018:782.
32. Martinsen S, Jukes N: Towards a humane veterinary education. J Vet Med Educ 2005;32:454–460. doi: 10.3138/jvme.32.4.454
33. Wood MW, Hart LA, Weng H-Y: Effective bibliographic searching for animal alternatives in veterinary medical education: the UC Davis Web Site. J Vet Med Educ 2005;32:468–472. doi: 10.3138/jvme.32.4.468
34. Pereira GdG, Dieguez FJ, Demirbas YS, et al: Alternatives to animal use in veterinary education: a growing debate. Ank Univ Vet Fak Derg 2017;64:235–239. doi: 10.1501/Vetfak_0000002804
35. Kneebone R, Baillie S: Contextualized simulation and procedural skills: a view from medical education. J Vet Med Educ 2008;35:595–598. doi: 10.3138/jvme.35.4.595
36. Annandale A, Annandale CH, Fosgate GT, et al: Training method and other factors affecting student accuracy in bovine pregnancy diagnosis. J Vet Med Educ 2018;45:224–231. doi: 10.3138/jvme.1016-166r1
37. Baillie S, Mellor DJ, Brewster SA, et al: Integrating a bovine rectal palpation simulator into an undergraduate veterinary curriculum. J Vet Med Educ 2005;32:79–85. doi: 10.3138/jvme.32.1.79
38. Baillie S, Crossan A, Brewster SA, et al: Evaluating an automated haptic simulator designed for veterinary students to learn bovine rectal palpation. Simul Healthc 2010;5:261–266. doi: 10.1097/SIH.0b013e3181e369bf
39. Giese H, Gundelach Y, Dilly M: Simulationsbasiertes Training der transrektalen gynäkologischen Untersuchung beim Rind. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Medizinische Ausbildung (GMA). Hamburg, Düsseldorf; German Medical Science GMS Publishing House: 2014.
40. Giese H, Gundelach Y, Geuenich K, et al: Effects of training methods for rectal palpation in cattle on student’s performance and self-evaluation. Glasgow; AMEE: 2015.
41. Annandale A, Fosgate GT, Bok H, et al: Ability of a bovine transrectal palpation objective structured clinical examination to predict veterinary students’ pregnancy diagnosis accuracy. Vet Rec 2019;185:171–171. doi: 10.1136/vr.105022
42. Annandale A, Fosgate GT, Eksteen CA, et al: Influence of an exercise program, muscle strength, proprioception, and arm length on veterinary students’ bovine pregnancy diagnosis accuracy. J Vet Med Educ 2021;48:196–210. doi: 10.3138/jvme.2019-0043
43. Annandale A: Thinking differently about clinical skills training: the bovine pregnancy diagnosis via transrectal palpation showcase. Utrecht; Utrecht University: 2020. Available from: https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/397523
44. Bewley WL, O’Neil HF: Evaluation of medical simulations. Mil Med 2013;178:64–75. doi: 10.7205/MILMED-D-13-00255
45. Read EK, Vallevand A, Farrell RM: Evaluation of veterinary student surgical skills preparation for ovariohysterectomy using simulators: a pilot study. J Vet Med Educ 2016;43:190–213. doi: 10.3138/jvme.0815-138R1
46. Langebaek R, Eika B, Tanggaard L, et al: Emotions in veterinary surgical students: a qualitative study. J Vet Med Educ 2012;39:312–321. doi: 10.3138/jvme.0611.068R1
47. Annandale A, Fosgate GT, Eksteen CA, et al: Electromyographic analysis of muscle activation patterns during bovine transrectal palpation and the development of the bovine pregnancy diagnosis improvement exercise program. J Vet Med Educ 2021;48:686–697. doi: 10.3138/jvme-2020-0039
48. Davis MH, Ponnamperuma GG, McAleer S, et al: The objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) as a determinant of veterinary clinical skills. J Vet Med Educ 2006;33:578–587. doi: 10.3138/jvme.33.4.578
49. Rethans JJ, Sturmans F, Drop R, et al: Assessment of the performance of general practitioners by the use of standardized (simulated) patients. Br J General Prac 1991;41:97.
50. Lenarduzzi R, Sheppard GA, Slater MR: Factors influencing the choice of a career in food-animal practice among recent graduates and current students of Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine. J Vet Med Educ 2009;36:7–15. doi: 10.3138/jvme.36.1.7
51. Jelinski MD, Campbell JR, Lissemore K, et al: Demographics and career path choices of graduates from three Canadian veterinary colleges. Can Vet J 2008;49:995–1001.
52. Jelinski MD, Campbell JR, Naylor JM, et al: Factors affecting the career path choices of graduates at the Western College of Veterinary Medicine. Can Vet J 2008;49:161–166.
53. Jelinski MD, Campbell JR, Naylor JM, et al: Factors associated with the career path choices of veterinarians in western Canada. CanVet J 2009;50:630–636.
54. Serpell JA: Factors influencing veterinary students’ career choices and attitudes to animals. J Vet Med Educ 2005;32:491–496. doi: 10.3138/jvme.32.4.491
55. Root Kustritz M, Malone E, Rendahl A: Identification of student lifestyle characteristics associated with training choices to drive targeted admissions in veterinary medicine. Educ Health Prof 2020;3:70–76. doi: 10.4103/EHP.EHP_2_20
56. George JH, Doto FX: A simple five-step method for teaching clinical skills. Fam Med 2001;33:577–578.
57. Issenberg SB, McGaghie WC, Petrusa ER, et al: Features and uses of high-fidelity medical simulations that lead to effective learning: a BEME systematic review. Med Teach 2005;27:10–28. doi: 10.1080/01421590500046924
58. Annandale A, Scheepers E, Fosgate GT: The effect of ovariohysterectomy model Practice on surgical times for final-year veterinary students’ first live-animal ovariohysterectomies. J Vet Med Educ 2020;47:44–55. doi: 10.3138/jvme.1217-181r1
2. Romano JE, Fahning ML: Effects of early pregnancy diagnosis by per rectal palpation of the amniotic sac on pregnancy loss in dairy cattle. J Amer Vet Med Assoc 2013;243:1462–1467. doi: 10.2460/javma.243.10.1462
3. Oltenacu PA, Ferguson JD, Lednor AJ: Economic evaluation of pregnancy diagnosis in dairy cattle: a decision analysis approach. J Dairy Sci 1990;73:2826–2831. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(90)78970-9
4. Nestel B, Creek M: The diagnosis of non-pregnancy in beef cattle in Jamaica. Its economic value to the farmer and to his veterinary surgeon. Vet Rec 1963;75:412–416.
5. Chenoweth P, Anderson M: Cow/calf production principles. Beef practice: cow-calf production medicine. Hoboken, NJ; Blackwell: 2005:9–28.
6. Fricke PM, Ricci A, Giordano JO, et al: Methods for and implementation of pregnancy diagnosis in dairy cows. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2016;32:165–180. doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2015.09.006
7. Matthews BJ, Morton JM: Accuracy of predicted calving dates in Holstein-Friesian dairy cows based on fetal ages estimated using manual rectal palpation. N Z Vet J 2012;60:234–240. doi: 10.1080/00480169.2012.670094
8. Ott TL, Dechow C, O’Connor ML: Advances in reproductive management: pregnancy diagnosis in ruminants. Anim Reprod 2014;11:207–216.
9. Albuja C, Ortiz O, Lopez C, et al: Economic impact of pregnancy loss in an intensive dairy farming system. Vet Mexico OA 2019;6:unpaginated. doi: 10.22201/fmvz.24486760e.2019.1.572
10. Fodor I, Gabor G, Lang Z, et al: Relationship between reproductive management practices and fertility in primiparous and multiparous dairy cows. Can J Vet Res 2019;83:218–227.
11. Jaskowski JM, Kaczmarowski M, Kulus J, et al: Rectal palpation for pregnancy in cows: a relic or an alternative to modern diagnostic methods. Med Wet 2019;75:259–264. doi: 10.21521/mw.6156
12. Luby CD, McIntyre K, Jelinski MD: Skills required of dairy veterinarians in western Canada: a survey of practicing veterinarians. Can Vet J 2013;54:267–270.
13. Bossaert P, Leterme L, Caluwaerts T, et al: Teaching transrectal palpation of the internal genital organs in cattle. J Vet Med Educ 2009;36:451–460. doi: 10.3138/jvme.36.4.451
14. French HM, Dascanio JJ, Gilbert GE, et al: Bovine reproductive palpation training: does the cow make a difference? J Vet Med Educ 2018;45:219–223. doi: 10.3138/jvme.1116-172r
15. Lopes G, Rocha A: Teaching bovine rectal palpation with live cows in the slaughterhouse: is it worthwhile? Reprod Domest Anim 2006;41:510–513. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2006.00705.x
16. Baillie S, Crossan A, Brewster S, et al: Validation of a bovine rectal palpation simulator for training veterinary students. Stud Health Technol Inform 2005;111:33–36.
17. Ericsson KA, Charness N: Expert performance: its structure and acquisition. Am Psychol 1994;49:725–747. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.49.8.725
18. Jephcott SB, Norman ST: Pregnancy diagnosis in cattle. Brisbane; Australian Cattle Veterinarians: 2004.
19. Norman ST, Dall’Alba G: Computer assisted learning for improving cattle palpation skills of veterinary students. Open J Vet Med 2013;03(08):9. doi: 10.4236/ojvm.2013.38052
20. Annandale A, May CE, van der Leek ML, et al: Effect of a high-intensity one-week training programme and student-level variables on the bovine transrectal palpation and pregnancy diagnosis skills of final-year veterinary students. Vet Rec 2020;187:e99. doi: 10.1136/vr.105909
21. Baillie S, Crossan A, Reid S, et al: Preliminary development and evaluation of a bovine rectal palpation simulator for training veterinary students. Cattle Pract 2003;11:434–437.
22. Dilly M, Read EK, Baillie S: A Survey of established veterinary clinical skills laboratories from Europe and North America: present practices and recent developments. J Vet Med Educ 2017;44: 580–589. doi: 10.3138/jvme.0216-030R1
23. Malone E: Challenges & issues: evidence-based clinical skills teaching and learning: what do we really know? J Vet Med Educ 2019;46:379–398. doi: 10.3138/jvme.0717-094r1
24. Baillie S: Utilisation of simulators in veterinary training. Cattle Pract 2007;15:224–228.
25. Root Kustritz MV: Simulations in veterinary education. Clin Theriogenol 2014;6:607–610.
26. Scalese RJ, Issenberg SB: Effective use of simulations for the teaching and acquisition of veterinary professional and clinical skills. J Vet Med Educ 2005;32:461–467. doi: 10.3138/jvme.32.4.461
27. Iki Y, Ito T, Kudo K, et al: Animal ethics and welfare education in wet-lab training can foster residents’ ethical values toward life. Exp Anim 2017;66:313–320. doi: 10.1538/expanim.17-0026
28. Valliyate M, Robinson NG, Goodman JR: Current concepts in simulation and other alternatives for veterinary education: a review. Vet Med 2012;57:325–337. doi: 10.17221/6261-VETMED
29. Kneebone R, ApSimon D: Surgical skills training: simulation and multimedia combined. Med Educ 2001;35:909–915. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2923.2001.00997.x
30. de Boo J, Knight A: ‘Concepts in Animal Welfare’: a syllabus in animal welfare science and ethics for veterinary schools. J Vet Med Educ 2005;32:451–453. doi: 10.3138/jvme.32.4.451
31. Weichbrod RH, Thompson GA, Norton JN, editors: Management of animal care and use programs in research, education, and testing. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL; CRC Press/Taylor & Francis: 2018:782.
32. Martinsen S, Jukes N: Towards a humane veterinary education. J Vet Med Educ 2005;32:454–460. doi: 10.3138/jvme.32.4.454
33. Wood MW, Hart LA, Weng H-Y: Effective bibliographic searching for animal alternatives in veterinary medical education: the UC Davis Web Site. J Vet Med Educ 2005;32:468–472. doi: 10.3138/jvme.32.4.468
34. Pereira GdG, Dieguez FJ, Demirbas YS, et al: Alternatives to animal use in veterinary education: a growing debate. Ank Univ Vet Fak Derg 2017;64:235–239. doi: 10.1501/Vetfak_0000002804
35. Kneebone R, Baillie S: Contextualized simulation and procedural skills: a view from medical education. J Vet Med Educ 2008;35:595–598. doi: 10.3138/jvme.35.4.595
36. Annandale A, Annandale CH, Fosgate GT, et al: Training method and other factors affecting student accuracy in bovine pregnancy diagnosis. J Vet Med Educ 2018;45:224–231. doi: 10.3138/jvme.1016-166r1
37. Baillie S, Mellor DJ, Brewster SA, et al: Integrating a bovine rectal palpation simulator into an undergraduate veterinary curriculum. J Vet Med Educ 2005;32:79–85. doi: 10.3138/jvme.32.1.79
38. Baillie S, Crossan A, Brewster SA, et al: Evaluating an automated haptic simulator designed for veterinary students to learn bovine rectal palpation. Simul Healthc 2010;5:261–266. doi: 10.1097/SIH.0b013e3181e369bf
39. Giese H, Gundelach Y, Dilly M: Simulationsbasiertes Training der transrektalen gynäkologischen Untersuchung beim Rind. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Medizinische Ausbildung (GMA). Hamburg, Düsseldorf; German Medical Science GMS Publishing House: 2014.
40. Giese H, Gundelach Y, Geuenich K, et al: Effects of training methods for rectal palpation in cattle on student’s performance and self-evaluation. Glasgow; AMEE: 2015.
41. Annandale A, Fosgate GT, Bok H, et al: Ability of a bovine transrectal palpation objective structured clinical examination to predict veterinary students’ pregnancy diagnosis accuracy. Vet Rec 2019;185:171–171. doi: 10.1136/vr.105022
42. Annandale A, Fosgate GT, Eksteen CA, et al: Influence of an exercise program, muscle strength, proprioception, and arm length on veterinary students’ bovine pregnancy diagnosis accuracy. J Vet Med Educ 2021;48:196–210. doi: 10.3138/jvme.2019-0043
43. Annandale A: Thinking differently about clinical skills training: the bovine pregnancy diagnosis via transrectal palpation showcase. Utrecht; Utrecht University: 2020. Available from: https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/397523
44. Bewley WL, O’Neil HF: Evaluation of medical simulations. Mil Med 2013;178:64–75. doi: 10.7205/MILMED-D-13-00255
45. Read EK, Vallevand A, Farrell RM: Evaluation of veterinary student surgical skills preparation for ovariohysterectomy using simulators: a pilot study. J Vet Med Educ 2016;43:190–213. doi: 10.3138/jvme.0815-138R1
46. Langebaek R, Eika B, Tanggaard L, et al: Emotions in veterinary surgical students: a qualitative study. J Vet Med Educ 2012;39:312–321. doi: 10.3138/jvme.0611.068R1
47. Annandale A, Fosgate GT, Eksteen CA, et al: Electromyographic analysis of muscle activation patterns during bovine transrectal palpation and the development of the bovine pregnancy diagnosis improvement exercise program. J Vet Med Educ 2021;48:686–697. doi: 10.3138/jvme-2020-0039
48. Davis MH, Ponnamperuma GG, McAleer S, et al: The objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) as a determinant of veterinary clinical skills. J Vet Med Educ 2006;33:578–587. doi: 10.3138/jvme.33.4.578
49. Rethans JJ, Sturmans F, Drop R, et al: Assessment of the performance of general practitioners by the use of standardized (simulated) patients. Br J General Prac 1991;41:97.
50. Lenarduzzi R, Sheppard GA, Slater MR: Factors influencing the choice of a career in food-animal practice among recent graduates and current students of Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine. J Vet Med Educ 2009;36:7–15. doi: 10.3138/jvme.36.1.7
51. Jelinski MD, Campbell JR, Lissemore K, et al: Demographics and career path choices of graduates from three Canadian veterinary colleges. Can Vet J 2008;49:995–1001.
52. Jelinski MD, Campbell JR, Naylor JM, et al: Factors affecting the career path choices of graduates at the Western College of Veterinary Medicine. Can Vet J 2008;49:161–166.
53. Jelinski MD, Campbell JR, Naylor JM, et al: Factors associated with the career path choices of veterinarians in western Canada. CanVet J 2009;50:630–636.
54. Serpell JA: Factors influencing veterinary students’ career choices and attitudes to animals. J Vet Med Educ 2005;32:491–496. doi: 10.3138/jvme.32.4.491
55. Root Kustritz M, Malone E, Rendahl A: Identification of student lifestyle characteristics associated with training choices to drive targeted admissions in veterinary medicine. Educ Health Prof 2020;3:70–76. doi: 10.4103/EHP.EHP_2_20
56. George JH, Doto FX: A simple five-step method for teaching clinical skills. Fam Med 2001;33:577–578.
57. Issenberg SB, McGaghie WC, Petrusa ER, et al: Features and uses of high-fidelity medical simulations that lead to effective learning: a BEME systematic review. Med Teach 2005;27:10–28. doi: 10.1080/01421590500046924
58. Annandale A, Scheepers E, Fosgate GT: The effect of ovariohysterectomy model Practice on surgical times for final-year veterinary students’ first live-animal ovariohysterectomies. J Vet Med Educ 2020;47:44–55. doi: 10.3138/jvme.1217-181r1
Published
2023-05-30
How to Cite
Annandale A., & Holm D. (2023). A variety of teaching interventions to improve bovine transrectal palpation training. Clinical Theriogenology, 15, 17-24. https://doi.org/10.58292/ct.v15.9591
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