The bovine pregnancy diagnosis challenge: evidence-based evolution of a teaching intervention over 8 years of use
Keywords:
Teaching intervention, bovine pregnancy diagnosis, transrectal palpation, clinical hands-on skills
Abstract
This article describes the implementation of an educational intervention, ‘bovine pregnancy diagnosis challenge’ over an 8-year period, and how evidence-based changes were applied to ensure the best learning outcome for bovine pregnancy diagnosis (PD) via transrectal palpation. With the worldwide shift from mainly knowledge-based to competency-based veterinary courses, many new and innovative teaching interventions have been introduced into veterinary education. These teaching interventions include but are not limited to simulators, models, virtual realities, applications, and computer-assisted learning tools; of which, many have been implemented into various veterinary training programs. While these advances are noteworthy, the question still remains as to whether or not the implementation of these teaching interventions is optimal. Do we know the ‘when,’ ‘who’, and ‘how’ of a specific intervention that will optimize the educational outcome? The described evolution of the bovine PD challenge shows how these questions were investigated for transrectal palpation skills, and how changes were implemented to optimize student training. This is an example of an approach that could be applied widely for validation and skills training investigations within veterinary education to optimize learning outcomes.
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References
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30. Griffon DJ, Cronin P, Kirby B, et al: Evaluation of a hemostasis model for teaching ovariohysterectomy in veterinary surgery. Vet Surg 2000;29:309–316. doi: 10.1053/jvet.2000.7541
31. Holmberg DL, Cockshutt JR, Basher AWP: Use of a dog abdominal surrogate for teaching surgery. J Vet Med Educ 1993;20:61–62.
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33. Annandale A, Scheepers E, Fosgate GT: The effect of ovariohysterectomy model practice on surgical times for final-year veterinary students’ first live-animal ovariohysterectomies. J Vet Med Educ 2020;47:44–55. doi: 10.3138/jvme.1217-181r1
34. Annandale A, Annandale CH, Fosgate GT, et al: Training method and other factors affecting student accuracy in bovine pregnancy diagnosis. J Vet Med Educ 2018;45:224–231. doi: 10.3138/jvme.1016-166r1
35. Annandale A, Fosgate GT, Bok H, et al: Ability of a bovine transrectal palpation objective structured clinical examination to predict veterinary students’ pregnancy diagnosis accuracy. Vet Rec 2019;185:171–171. doi: 10.1136/vr.105022
36. Annandale A, Fosgate GT, Eksteen CA, et al: Influence of an exercise program, muscle strength, proprioception, and arm length on veterinary students’ bovine pregnancy diagnosis accuracy. J Vet Med Educ 2020;e20190043.
37. Annandale A, May CE, van der Leek ML, et al: Effect of a high-intensity one-week training programme and student-level variables on the bovine transrectal palpation and pregnancy diagnosis skills of final-year veterinary students. Vet Rec 2020;187:e99. doi: 10.1136/vr.105909
38. Annandale A, Fosgate GT, Eksteen CA, et al: Electromyographic analysis of muscle activation patterns during bovine transrectal palpation and the development of the bovine pregnancy diagnosis improvement exercise program. J Vet Med Educ 2021;48:686–697. doi: 10.3138/jvme-2020-0039
39. Annandale A: Thinking differently about clinical skills training: The bovine pregnancy diagnosis via transrectal palpation showcase. Utrecht University: 2020. [cited 2020 July 6] Available from: https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/397523.
40. Irons PC, Holm DE, Annandale CH: Curricular renewal at the southern tip of Africa: the 2016 veterinary curriculum at the University of Pretoria. J Vet Med Educ 2017;44:440–449. doi: 10.3138/jvme.0316-062R
2. Bok HGJ, Teunissen PW, Boerboom TBB, et al: International survey of veterinarians to assess the importance of competencies in professional practice and education. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014;245:906–913. doi: 10.2460/javma.245.8.906
3. May SA, Silva-Fletcher A: Scaffolded active learning: nine pedagogical principles for building a modern veterinary curriculum. J Vet Med Educ 2015;42:332–339. doi: 10.3138/jvme.0415-063R
4. Read EK, Hecker KG: The development and delivery of a systematic veterinary clinical skills education program at the University of Calgary. J Vet Sci Tech 2013;S4:004. doi: 10.4172/2157-7579.S4-004
5. Sabin EA, DeHaven WR: Veterinary education: a basis for good governance leading to effective veterinary services. Rev Sci Tech 2012;31:519–531. doi: 10.20506/rst.31.2.2137
6. Kneebone R, Baillie S: Contextualized simulation and procedural skills: a view from medical education. J Vet Med Educ 2008;35:595–598. doi: 10.3138/jvme.35.4.595
7. Kelly A, Heider LE, Prasse KW: Renewed directions in veterinary medical education. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003;222:1511–1512. doi: 10.2460/javma.2003.222.1511
8. Prasse KW, Heider LE, Maccabe AT: Perspectives in professional education – Envisioning the future of veterinary medicine: the imperative for change in veterinary medical education. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007;231:1340–1342. doi: 10.2460/javma.231.9.1340
9. Dilly M, Read EK, Baillie S: A Survey of established veterinary clinical skills laboratories from Europe and North America: present practices and recent developments. J Vet Med Educ 2017;44:580–589. doi: 10.3138/jvme.0216-030R1
10. Malone E: Challenges & Issues: Evidence-based clinical skills teaching and learning: what do we really know? J Vet Med Educ 2019;46:379–398. doi: 10.3138/jvme.0717-094r1
11. Baillie S: Utilisation of simulators in veterinary training. Cattle Prac 2007;15:224–228.
12. Root Kustritz MV: Simulations in veterinary education. Clin Theriogenol 2014;6:607–610.
13. Scalese RJ, Issenberg SB: Effective use of simulations for the teaching and acquisition of veterinary professional and clinical skills. J Vet Med Educ 2005;32:461–467. doi: 10.3138/jvme.32.4.461
14. Iki Y, Ito T, Kudo K, et al: Animal ethics and welfare education in wet-lab training can foster residents’ ethical values toward life. Exp Anim 2017;66:313–320. doi: 10.1538/expanim.17-0026
15. Valliyate M, Robinson NG, Goodman JR: Current concepts in simulation and other alternatives for veterinary education: a review. Vet Med 2012;57:325–337. doi: 10.17221/6261-VETMED
16. Kneebone R, ApSimon D: Surgical skills training: simulation and multimedia combined. Med Educ 2001;35:909–915. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2923.2001.00997.x
17. de Boo J, Knight A: ‘Concepts in animal welfare’: a syllabus in animal welfare science and ethics for veterinary schools. J Vet Med Educ 2005;32:451–453. doi: 10.3138/jvme.32.4.451
18. Weichbrod RH, (Heidbrink) Thompson GA, Norton JN: editors. Management of Animal Care and Use Programs in Research, Education, and Testing. 2nd edition, Boca Raton; CRC Press: 2017. doi: 10.1201/9781315152189
19. Martinsen S, Jukes N: Towards a humane veterinary education. J Vet Med Educ 2005;32:454–460. doi: 10.3138/jvme.32.4.454
20. Wood MW, Hart LA, Weng H-Y: Effective bibliographic searching for animal alternatives in veterinary medical education: The UC Davis web site. J Vet Med Educ 2005;32:468–472. doi: 10.3138/jvme.32.4.468
21. Pereira GdG, Dieguez FJ, Demirbas YS, et al: Alternatives to animal use in veterinary education: a growing debate. Ank Univ Vet Fak Derg 2017;64:235–239. doi: 10.1501/Vetfak_0000002804
22. Langebaek R, Eika B, Jensen AL, et al: Anxiety in veterinary surgical students: a quantitative study. J Vet Med Educ 2012;39:331–340. doi: 10.3138/jvme.1111-111R1
23. Langebaek R, Eika B, Tanggaard L, et al: Emotions in veterinary surgical students: a qualitative study. J Vet Med Educ 2012;39:312–321. doi: 10.3138/jvme.0611.068R1
24. Baillie S, Crossan A, Brewster S, et al: Validation of a bovine rectal palpation simulator for training veterinary students. Stud Health Technol Inform 2005;111:33–36.
25. Baillie S, Mellor DJ, Brewster SA, et al: Integrating a bovine rectal palpation simulator into an undergraduate veterinary curriculum. J Vet Med Educ 2005;32:79–85. doi: 10.3138/jvme.32.1.79
26. Langebaek R, Toft N, Eriksen T: The SimSpay-student perceptions of a low-cost build-it-yourself model for novice training of surgical skills in canine ovariohysterectomy. J Vet Med Educ 2015;42:166–171. doi: 10.3138/jvme.1014-105
27. Read EK, Vallevand A, Farrell RM: Evaluation of veterinary student surgical skills preparation for ovariohysterectomy using simulators: a pilot study. J Vet Med Educ 2016;43:190–213. doi: 10.3138/jvme.0815-138R1
28. Greenfield CL, Johnson AL, Schaeffer DJ, et al: Comparison of surgical skills of veterinary students trained using models or live animals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995;206:1840–1845.
29. Gopinath D, McGreevy PD, Zuber RM, et al: Developments in undergraduate teaching of small-animal soft-tissue surgical skills at the University of Sydney. J Vet Med Educ 2012;39:21–29. doi: 10.3138/jvme.0411.044R
30. Griffon DJ, Cronin P, Kirby B, et al: Evaluation of a hemostasis model for teaching ovariohysterectomy in veterinary surgery. Vet Surg 2000;29:309–316. doi: 10.1053/jvet.2000.7541
31. Holmberg DL, Cockshutt JR, Basher AWP: Use of a dog abdominal surrogate for teaching surgery. J Vet Med Educ 1993;20:61–62.
32. Fahie M, Cloke A, Lagman M, et al: Training veterinary students to perform ovariectomy using the MOOSE spay model with traditional method versus the Dowling Spay Retractor. J Vet Med Educ 2016;43:176–183. doi: 10.3138/jvme.0915-150R
33. Annandale A, Scheepers E, Fosgate GT: The effect of ovariohysterectomy model practice on surgical times for final-year veterinary students’ first live-animal ovariohysterectomies. J Vet Med Educ 2020;47:44–55. doi: 10.3138/jvme.1217-181r1
34. Annandale A, Annandale CH, Fosgate GT, et al: Training method and other factors affecting student accuracy in bovine pregnancy diagnosis. J Vet Med Educ 2018;45:224–231. doi: 10.3138/jvme.1016-166r1
35. Annandale A, Fosgate GT, Bok H, et al: Ability of a bovine transrectal palpation objective structured clinical examination to predict veterinary students’ pregnancy diagnosis accuracy. Vet Rec 2019;185:171–171. doi: 10.1136/vr.105022
36. Annandale A, Fosgate GT, Eksteen CA, et al: Influence of an exercise program, muscle strength, proprioception, and arm length on veterinary students’ bovine pregnancy diagnosis accuracy. J Vet Med Educ 2020;e20190043.
37. Annandale A, May CE, van der Leek ML, et al: Effect of a high-intensity one-week training programme and student-level variables on the bovine transrectal palpation and pregnancy diagnosis skills of final-year veterinary students. Vet Rec 2020;187:e99. doi: 10.1136/vr.105909
38. Annandale A, Fosgate GT, Eksteen CA, et al: Electromyographic analysis of muscle activation patterns during bovine transrectal palpation and the development of the bovine pregnancy diagnosis improvement exercise program. J Vet Med Educ 2021;48:686–697. doi: 10.3138/jvme-2020-0039
39. Annandale A: Thinking differently about clinical skills training: The bovine pregnancy diagnosis via transrectal palpation showcase. Utrecht University: 2020. [cited 2020 July 6] Available from: https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/397523.
40. Irons PC, Holm DE, Annandale CH: Curricular renewal at the southern tip of Africa: the 2016 veterinary curriculum at the University of Pretoria. J Vet Med Educ 2017;44:440–449. doi: 10.3138/jvme.0316-062R
Published
2023-05-30
How to Cite
Annandale A., Annandale H., May K., & Holm D. (2023). The bovine pregnancy diagnosis challenge: evidence-based evolution of a teaching intervention over 8 years of use. Clinical Theriogenology, 15, 12-16. https://doi.org/10.58292/ct.v15.9590
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