Failure of pregnancy in ruminants

Abstract

Failure of pregnancy in ruminants is a substantial source of economic loss around the world. A small number of abortions should
be expected even in a healthy herd or flock. Identification of the cause can be challenging and often requires extensive laboratory
diagnostic support. Success requires an accurate history, and a complete tissue sample collection, including placenta and serum
from the dam. Testing on more than a single case in an outbreak may be necessary. Multiple bacterial, viral, and protozoal agents
have a role and there are also noninfectious causes such as vitamin and mineral deficiencies, and intoxications.