Management of a granulosa-theca cell tumor in a female Rottweiler
Keywords:
Persistent estrus, granulosa-theca cell tumor, laparoscopic ovariectomy
Abstract
A 4-year, multiparous Rottweiler female dog, was presented for breeding management. Dog had clinical signs of proestrus and estrus for > 6 weeks, including cornification of vaginal epithelium and low circulating progesterone concentrations (< 2 ng/ml). Transabdominal ultrasonography of the reproductive tract and measurement of circulating hormones (antimüllerian hormone, Inhibin-B, and progesterone) suggested granulosa-theca cell tumor. Affected ovary was removed via laparoscopy. Histopathology confirmed granulosa-theca cell tumor; dog resumed cyclicity 4 months after surgery, had normal estrus and was successfully mated with a young stud dog. Dog was diagnosed pregnant (30 days after LH surge) via transabdominal ultrasonography; 4 amniotic sacs were detected, and 3 grew to term but were not viable at delivery (via cesarian surgery).
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References
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6. Troisi A, Orlandi R, Vallesi E, et al: Clinical and ultrasonographic findings of ovarian tumours in bitches: A retrospective study. Theriogenology 2023;210:227-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.07.020
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9. Schaefers-Okkens A, Kooistra H: Ovaries. In: Rijnberk A, Kooistra H: editors. Clinical Endocrinology of Dogs and Cats, 2nd edition, Hannover; Schlutersche Verlagsgesellschaft: 2010. p. 203-234.
10. Malm C, Ferreira H, Nascimento E, et al: Clinical and histopathological survey of ovarian and uterine disorders in ovariohysterectomized bitches. I – granulosa cell tumours. Arq Bras de Med Vet Zoo 1994;46:13-18.
11. McCandlish I, Munro C, Breeze R, et al: Hormone producing ovarian tumours in the dog. Vet Rec 1979;105:9-11. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105.1.9
12. Johnston S, Kustritz M, Olson P: Clinical approach to infertility in the bitch. In: Johnston S, Kustritz M, Olson P: editor. Canine and Feline Theriogenology. 1st edition, Philadelphia; Saunders: 2001. p. 262-264.
13. Pluhar G, Memon M, Wheaton L: Granulosa cell tumour in an ovariohysterectomized dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995;207:1063-1065. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.1995.207.08.1063
14. Sivacolundhu R, O’Hara A, Read R: Granulosa cell tumour in two spayed bitches. Aust Vet J 2001;79:173-176. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2001.tb14571.x
15. McEntee M: Reproductive oncology. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 2002;17:133-149. https://doi.org/10.1053/svms.2002.34642
16. Sontas H, Dokuzeylu B, Turna O, et al: Estrogen-induced myelotoxicity in dogs: a review. Can Vet J 2009;50:1054-1058.
17. Ball B, Conley A, MacLaughlin D, et al: Expression of anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) in equine granulosa-cell tumours and in normal equine ovaries. Theriogenology 2008;70:968-977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.05.059
18. Fontbonne A: Causes of pregnancy arrest in the canine species. Reprod Domest Anim 2023;58:72-83. https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.14407
19. Verstegen J, Dhaliwal G, Verstegen-Onclin K: Canine and feline pregnancy loss due to viral and non-infectious causes: a review. Theriogenology 2008;70:304-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.05.035
20. Renaudin C, Kelleman A, Keel K, et al: Equine granulosa cell tumours among other ovarian conditions: diagnostic challenges. Equine Vet J 2021;53:60-70. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.13279
21. Walter B, Coelfen A, Jäger K, et al: Anti-Mullerian hormone concentration in bitches with histopathologically diagnosed ovarian tumours and cysts. Reprod Domest Anim 2018;53:784-792. https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.13171
22. Conley A, Scholtz E, Dujovne G, et al: Inhibin-A and inhibin-B in cyclic and pregnant mares, and mares with granulosa-theca cell tumours: physiological and diagnostic implications. Theriogenology 2018;108:192-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.12.003
23. McCue P, Roser J, Munro C, et al: Granulosa cell tumours of the equine ovary. Vet Clin North Am: Equine Pract 2006;22:799-817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2006.08.008
24. El-Sheikh Ali H, Kitahara G, Nibe K, et al: Plasma anti-Müllerian hormone as a biomarker for bovine granulosa-theca cell tumours: Comparison with immunoreactive inhibin and ovarian steroid concentrations. Theriogenology 2013;80:940-949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.07.022
25. Daels P, Chang G, Hansen B, et al: Testosterone secretions during early pregnancy in mares. Theriogenology 1996;45:1211-1219. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691X(96)00076-3
26. Ball B, Almeida J, Conley A: Determination of serum anti-/Mullerian hormone concentrations for the diagnosis of granulosa-cell tumours in mares. Equine Vet J 2013;45:199-203. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00594.x
27. Nambo Y, Nagata S, Oikawa M, et al: High concentrations of immunoreactive inhibin in the plasma of mares and fetal gonads during the second half of pregnancy. Reprod Fertil Dev 1996;8:1137-1145. https://doi.org/10.1071/RD9961137
28. Josso N, Di Clemente N: TGF-β family members and gonadal development. Trends Endocrinol Metab 1999;10:216-222.
29. Holst B: Diagnostic possibilities from a serum sample – clinical value of new methods within small animal reproduction, with focus on anti-Müllerian hormone. Reprod Domest Anim 2017;52:303-309. https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.12856
30. Nagashima JB, Hansen BS, Songsasen N, et al: Anti-Müllerian hormone in the domestic dog during the anestrus to oestrous transition. Reprod Domest Anim 2016;51:158-164. https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.12660
31. Olson P, Thrall M, Wykes P, et al: Vaginal cytology: part 1. A useful tool for staging the canine estrous cycle. Compend Contin Educ Vet 1984;6:288-298.
32. Johnston S, Kustritz M, Olson P: Vaginal cytology. In: Johnston S, Kustritz M, Olson P: editors. Canine and Feline Theriogenology. 1st edition, Philadelphia; Saunders: 2001. p. 32-40.
33. Kustritz M: Canine techniques. In: Kustritz M: editor. Clinical Canine and Feline Reproduction Evidence-Based Answers. 1st edition, Singapore; Wiley-Blackwell: 2010. p. 5-11.
34. Kustritz M: Vaginal cytology in the bitch and queen. In: Sharkey L, Radin M, Seelig D: editors. Veterinary Cytology. 1st edition, Hoboken; Wiley-Blackwell: 2021. p. 552-558.
35. Reckers F, Klopfleisch R, Belik V, et al: Canine vaginal cytology: a revised definition of exfoliated vaginal cells. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:834031. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.834031
36. Arlt SP, Haimerl P: Cystic ovaries and ovarian neoplasia in the female dog – a systematic review. Reprod Domest Anim 2016;51:3-11. https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.12781
37. Ivaldi F, Ogdon C, Khan F, et al: A rare case of vulvar discharge associated with exogenous oestrogen exposure in a spayed Weimaraner bitch. Vet Med Sci 2022;8:1872-1876. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.860
38. Meyers-Wallen V: Unusual and abnormal canine estrous cycles. Theriogenology 2007;68:1205-1210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.08.019
39. O’Connor C, Schweizer C, Gradil C, et al: Trisomy-X with estrous cycle anomalies in two female dogs. Theriogenology 2011;76:374-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.02.017
40. Castillo J, Tse M, Dockweiler J, et al: Bilateral granulosa cell tumour in a cycling mare. Can Vet J 2019;60:480.
41. England G, Yeager A: Ultrasonographic appearance of the ovary and uterus of the bitch during oestrus, ovulation and early pregnancy. Reprod Fertil 1993;47:107-117.
42. Maya-Pulgarin D, Gonzalez-Dominguez MS, Aranzazu-Taborda D, et al: Histopathologic findings in uteri and ovaries collected from clinically healthy dogs at elective ovariohysterectomy: a cross-sectional study. J Vet Sci 2017;18:407. https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2017.18.3.407
43. Simpson I, Albright S, Wolfe B, et al: Age at gonadectomy and risk of overweight/obesity and orthopedic injury in a cohort of Golden Retrievers. PLoS One 2019;14:1-12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209131
44. Simpson M, Searfoss E, Albright S, et al: Population characteristics of golden retriever lifetime study enrollees. Canine Genet Epidemiol 2017;4:14-21.
45. Diez-Bru N, Garcia-Real I, Martinez EM, et al: Ultrasonographic appearance of ovarian tumours in 10 dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1998;39:226-233. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.1998.tb00345.x
46. Bourne T, Campbell S, Steer C, et al: Transvaginal colour flow imaging: a possible new screening technique for ovarian cancer. BMJ 1989;299:1367. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.299.6712.1367
47. Hollinshead F, Walker C, Hanlon D: Determination of the normal reference interval for anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) in bitches and use of AMH as a potential predictor of litter size. Reprod Domest Anim 2017;52:35-40. https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.12822
48. Stabenfeldt G, Hughes J, Kennedy P, et al: Clinical findings, pathological changes and endocrinological secretory patterns in mares with ovarian tumours. J Reprod Fertil 1979;27:277-285.
49. Bailey M, Troedsson M, Wheato J: Inhibin concentrations in mares with granulosa cell tumors. Theriogenology 2002;57:1885-1895. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(02)00658-1
50. Zelli R, Monaci M, Stradaioli G, et al: Gonadotropin secretion and pituitary responsiveness to GnRH in mares with granulosa-theca cell tumor. Theriogenology 2006;66:1210-1218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.03.030
51. Bertazzolo W, Dell’Orco M, Bonfanti U, et al: Cytological features of canine ovarian tumours: a retrospective study of 19 cases. J Small Anim Pract 2004;45:539-545. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2004.tb00200.x
52. Röcken M, Mosel G, Seyrek-Intas K, et al: Unilateral and bilateral laparoscopic ovariectomy in 157 mares: a retrospective multicenter study. Vet Surg 2011;40:1009-1014. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950X.2011.00884.x
53. Seyrek-Intas K, Wehrend A, Nak Y, et al: Unilateral hysterectomy (cornuectomy) in the bitch and its effect on subsequent fertility. Theriogenology 2004;61:1713-1717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2003.09.015
54. Stratmann N, Wehrend A: Unilateral ovariectomy and cystectomy due to multiple ovarian cysts with subsequent pregnancy in a Belgian shepherd dog. Vet Rec 2007;160:740-741. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.160.21.740
55. Van Nimwegen S, Goethem B, De Gier J et al: A laparoscopic approach for removal of ovarian remnant tissue in 32 dogs. BMC Vet Res 2018;14:333-346. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-018-1658-y
56. Tsutsui T, Hori T, Takahashi F, et al: Ovulation compensatory function after unilateral ovariectomy in dogs. Reprod Dom Anim 2012;47:43-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.12075
57. England G, Moxon R, Freeman S: Delayed uterine fluid clearance and reduced uterine perfusion in bitches with endometrial hyperplasia and clinical management with postmating antibiotic. Theriogenology 2012;78:1611-1617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.07.009
58. Freshman JL: Clinical approach to infertility in the cycling bitch. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1991;21:427-435. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0195-5616(91)50052-8
59. Moxon R, Whiteside H, England G: Prevalence of ultrasound-determined cystic endometrial hyperplasia and the relationship with age in dogs. Theriogenology 2016;86:976-980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.03.022
60. Snider T, Sepoy C, Holyoak G: Equine endometrial biopsy reviewed: observation, interpretation, and application of histopathologic data. Theriogenology 2011;75:1567-1581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.12.013
2. Dow C: Ovarian abnormalities in the bitch. J Comp Path 1960;70:59-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0368-1742(60)80005-7
3. Hayes A, Harvey H: Treatment of metastatic granulosa cell tumour in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1979;174:1304-1306.
4. Jergens A, Shaw D: Tumours of the canine ovary. Compend Contin Educ Vet 1987;9:489-495.
5. McEntee K. Ovarian neoplasms. In: McEntee K: editor. Reproductive Pathology of Domestic Mammals. 1st edition, San Diego; Academic Press: 1990. p. 69-93.
6. Troisi A, Orlandi R, Vallesi E, et al: Clinical and ultrasonographic findings of ovarian tumours in bitches: A retrospective study. Theriogenology 2023;210:227-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.07.020
7. Jeffcoate I: Identification of spayed bitches. Vet Rec 1991;12:58. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.129.3.58-b
8. Feldman E, Nelson R: Ovarian tumours. In: Feldman E, Nelson R: editors. Canine and Feline Endocrinology and Reproduction. 3rd edition, Philadelphia; Saunders: 2004. p. 892.
9. Schaefers-Okkens A, Kooistra H: Ovaries. In: Rijnberk A, Kooistra H: editors. Clinical Endocrinology of Dogs and Cats, 2nd edition, Hannover; Schlutersche Verlagsgesellschaft: 2010. p. 203-234.
10. Malm C, Ferreira H, Nascimento E, et al: Clinical and histopathological survey of ovarian and uterine disorders in ovariohysterectomized bitches. I – granulosa cell tumours. Arq Bras de Med Vet Zoo 1994;46:13-18.
11. McCandlish I, Munro C, Breeze R, et al: Hormone producing ovarian tumours in the dog. Vet Rec 1979;105:9-11. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105.1.9
12. Johnston S, Kustritz M, Olson P: Clinical approach to infertility in the bitch. In: Johnston S, Kustritz M, Olson P: editor. Canine and Feline Theriogenology. 1st edition, Philadelphia; Saunders: 2001. p. 262-264.
13. Pluhar G, Memon M, Wheaton L: Granulosa cell tumour in an ovariohysterectomized dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995;207:1063-1065. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.1995.207.08.1063
14. Sivacolundhu R, O’Hara A, Read R: Granulosa cell tumour in two spayed bitches. Aust Vet J 2001;79:173-176. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2001.tb14571.x
15. McEntee M: Reproductive oncology. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 2002;17:133-149. https://doi.org/10.1053/svms.2002.34642
16. Sontas H, Dokuzeylu B, Turna O, et al: Estrogen-induced myelotoxicity in dogs: a review. Can Vet J 2009;50:1054-1058.
17. Ball B, Conley A, MacLaughlin D, et al: Expression of anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) in equine granulosa-cell tumours and in normal equine ovaries. Theriogenology 2008;70:968-977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.05.059
18. Fontbonne A: Causes of pregnancy arrest in the canine species. Reprod Domest Anim 2023;58:72-83. https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.14407
19. Verstegen J, Dhaliwal G, Verstegen-Onclin K: Canine and feline pregnancy loss due to viral and non-infectious causes: a review. Theriogenology 2008;70:304-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.05.035
20. Renaudin C, Kelleman A, Keel K, et al: Equine granulosa cell tumours among other ovarian conditions: diagnostic challenges. Equine Vet J 2021;53:60-70. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.13279
21. Walter B, Coelfen A, Jäger K, et al: Anti-Mullerian hormone concentration in bitches with histopathologically diagnosed ovarian tumours and cysts. Reprod Domest Anim 2018;53:784-792. https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.13171
22. Conley A, Scholtz E, Dujovne G, et al: Inhibin-A and inhibin-B in cyclic and pregnant mares, and mares with granulosa-theca cell tumours: physiological and diagnostic implications. Theriogenology 2018;108:192-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.12.003
23. McCue P, Roser J, Munro C, et al: Granulosa cell tumours of the equine ovary. Vet Clin North Am: Equine Pract 2006;22:799-817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2006.08.008
24. El-Sheikh Ali H, Kitahara G, Nibe K, et al: Plasma anti-Müllerian hormone as a biomarker for bovine granulosa-theca cell tumours: Comparison with immunoreactive inhibin and ovarian steroid concentrations. Theriogenology 2013;80:940-949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.07.022
25. Daels P, Chang G, Hansen B, et al: Testosterone secretions during early pregnancy in mares. Theriogenology 1996;45:1211-1219. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691X(96)00076-3
26. Ball B, Almeida J, Conley A: Determination of serum anti-/Mullerian hormone concentrations for the diagnosis of granulosa-cell tumours in mares. Equine Vet J 2013;45:199-203. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00594.x
27. Nambo Y, Nagata S, Oikawa M, et al: High concentrations of immunoreactive inhibin in the plasma of mares and fetal gonads during the second half of pregnancy. Reprod Fertil Dev 1996;8:1137-1145. https://doi.org/10.1071/RD9961137
28. Josso N, Di Clemente N: TGF-β family members and gonadal development. Trends Endocrinol Metab 1999;10:216-222.
29. Holst B: Diagnostic possibilities from a serum sample – clinical value of new methods within small animal reproduction, with focus on anti-Müllerian hormone. Reprod Domest Anim 2017;52:303-309. https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.12856
30. Nagashima JB, Hansen BS, Songsasen N, et al: Anti-Müllerian hormone in the domestic dog during the anestrus to oestrous transition. Reprod Domest Anim 2016;51:158-164. https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.12660
31. Olson P, Thrall M, Wykes P, et al: Vaginal cytology: part 1. A useful tool for staging the canine estrous cycle. Compend Contin Educ Vet 1984;6:288-298.
32. Johnston S, Kustritz M, Olson P: Vaginal cytology. In: Johnston S, Kustritz M, Olson P: editors. Canine and Feline Theriogenology. 1st edition, Philadelphia; Saunders: 2001. p. 32-40.
33. Kustritz M: Canine techniques. In: Kustritz M: editor. Clinical Canine and Feline Reproduction Evidence-Based Answers. 1st edition, Singapore; Wiley-Blackwell: 2010. p. 5-11.
34. Kustritz M: Vaginal cytology in the bitch and queen. In: Sharkey L, Radin M, Seelig D: editors. Veterinary Cytology. 1st edition, Hoboken; Wiley-Blackwell: 2021. p. 552-558.
35. Reckers F, Klopfleisch R, Belik V, et al: Canine vaginal cytology: a revised definition of exfoliated vaginal cells. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:834031. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.834031
36. Arlt SP, Haimerl P: Cystic ovaries and ovarian neoplasia in the female dog – a systematic review. Reprod Domest Anim 2016;51:3-11. https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.12781
37. Ivaldi F, Ogdon C, Khan F, et al: A rare case of vulvar discharge associated with exogenous oestrogen exposure in a spayed Weimaraner bitch. Vet Med Sci 2022;8:1872-1876. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.860
38. Meyers-Wallen V: Unusual and abnormal canine estrous cycles. Theriogenology 2007;68:1205-1210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.08.019
39. O’Connor C, Schweizer C, Gradil C, et al: Trisomy-X with estrous cycle anomalies in two female dogs. Theriogenology 2011;76:374-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.02.017
40. Castillo J, Tse M, Dockweiler J, et al: Bilateral granulosa cell tumour in a cycling mare. Can Vet J 2019;60:480.
41. England G, Yeager A: Ultrasonographic appearance of the ovary and uterus of the bitch during oestrus, ovulation and early pregnancy. Reprod Fertil 1993;47:107-117.
42. Maya-Pulgarin D, Gonzalez-Dominguez MS, Aranzazu-Taborda D, et al: Histopathologic findings in uteri and ovaries collected from clinically healthy dogs at elective ovariohysterectomy: a cross-sectional study. J Vet Sci 2017;18:407. https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2017.18.3.407
43. Simpson I, Albright S, Wolfe B, et al: Age at gonadectomy and risk of overweight/obesity and orthopedic injury in a cohort of Golden Retrievers. PLoS One 2019;14:1-12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209131
44. Simpson M, Searfoss E, Albright S, et al: Population characteristics of golden retriever lifetime study enrollees. Canine Genet Epidemiol 2017;4:14-21.
45. Diez-Bru N, Garcia-Real I, Martinez EM, et al: Ultrasonographic appearance of ovarian tumours in 10 dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1998;39:226-233. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.1998.tb00345.x
46. Bourne T, Campbell S, Steer C, et al: Transvaginal colour flow imaging: a possible new screening technique for ovarian cancer. BMJ 1989;299:1367. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.299.6712.1367
47. Hollinshead F, Walker C, Hanlon D: Determination of the normal reference interval for anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) in bitches and use of AMH as a potential predictor of litter size. Reprod Domest Anim 2017;52:35-40. https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.12822
48. Stabenfeldt G, Hughes J, Kennedy P, et al: Clinical findings, pathological changes and endocrinological secretory patterns in mares with ovarian tumours. J Reprod Fertil 1979;27:277-285.
49. Bailey M, Troedsson M, Wheato J: Inhibin concentrations in mares with granulosa cell tumors. Theriogenology 2002;57:1885-1895. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(02)00658-1
50. Zelli R, Monaci M, Stradaioli G, et al: Gonadotropin secretion and pituitary responsiveness to GnRH in mares with granulosa-theca cell tumor. Theriogenology 2006;66:1210-1218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.03.030
51. Bertazzolo W, Dell’Orco M, Bonfanti U, et al: Cytological features of canine ovarian tumours: a retrospective study of 19 cases. J Small Anim Pract 2004;45:539-545. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2004.tb00200.x
52. Röcken M, Mosel G, Seyrek-Intas K, et al: Unilateral and bilateral laparoscopic ovariectomy in 157 mares: a retrospective multicenter study. Vet Surg 2011;40:1009-1014. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950X.2011.00884.x
53. Seyrek-Intas K, Wehrend A, Nak Y, et al: Unilateral hysterectomy (cornuectomy) in the bitch and its effect on subsequent fertility. Theriogenology 2004;61:1713-1717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2003.09.015
54. Stratmann N, Wehrend A: Unilateral ovariectomy and cystectomy due to multiple ovarian cysts with subsequent pregnancy in a Belgian shepherd dog. Vet Rec 2007;160:740-741. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.160.21.740
55. Van Nimwegen S, Goethem B, De Gier J et al: A laparoscopic approach for removal of ovarian remnant tissue in 32 dogs. BMC Vet Res 2018;14:333-346. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-018-1658-y
56. Tsutsui T, Hori T, Takahashi F, et al: Ovulation compensatory function after unilateral ovariectomy in dogs. Reprod Dom Anim 2012;47:43-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.12075
57. England G, Moxon R, Freeman S: Delayed uterine fluid clearance and reduced uterine perfusion in bitches with endometrial hyperplasia and clinical management with postmating antibiotic. Theriogenology 2012;78:1611-1617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.07.009
58. Freshman JL: Clinical approach to infertility in the cycling bitch. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1991;21:427-435. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0195-5616(91)50052-8
59. Moxon R, Whiteside H, England G: Prevalence of ultrasound-determined cystic endometrial hyperplasia and the relationship with age in dogs. Theriogenology 2016;86:976-980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.03.022
60. Snider T, Sepoy C, Holyoak G: Equine endometrial biopsy reviewed: observation, interpretation, and application of histopathologic data. Theriogenology 2011;75:1567-1581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.12.013
Published
2024-10-08
How to Cite
Horner A., Burns G., Harris M., Sones J., & Hollinshead F. (2024). Management of a granulosa-theca cell tumor in a female Rottweiler. Clinical Theriogenology, 16. https://doi.org/10.58292/CT.v16.10840
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Case Reports
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