Hypothyroidism in canine reproduction
Keywords:
Hypothyroid, reproduction, endocrine, infertility
Abstract
Hypothyroidism is one of the most commonly diagnosed endocrine diseases in dogs. It has been implicated for many reproductive difficulties in breeding dogs; however, only a few studies have investigated the involvement of thyroid hormones in reproduction. Due to intricacies related to appropriate testing, breeding animals may be placed on thyroid supplementation without justification. The disease, testing, heritability, and animals that may need supplementation are discussed. Additionally, the assumption/appropriateness of breeding animals that are truly hypothyroid is questioned.
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References
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3. Panciera D: Hypothyroidism in dogs. In: J Rand, editor. Clinical Endocrinology of Companion Animals. John Wiley & Sons, 2013, p. 263–272. doi: 10.1002/9781118997093
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5. Conaway DH, Padgett GA, Nachreiner RF, et al: The familial occurrence of lymphocytic thyroiditis in borzoi dogs. Am J Med Genet 1985;22:409–414. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.1320220226
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10. Hegstad-Davies RL, Torres SM, Sharkey LC, et al: Breed-specific reference intervals for assessing thyroid function in seven dog breeds. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015;27:716–727. doi: 10.1177/1040638715606953
11. Panakova L, Koch H, Kolb S, et al: Thyroid testing in Sloughis. J Vet Intern Med 2008;22:1144–1148. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0155.x
12. Graham PA, Refsal KR, Nachreiner RF: Etiopathologic findings of canine hypothyroidism. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2007;37:617–631. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2007.05.002
13. Silva JF, Ocarino NM, Serakides R: Thyroid hormones and female reproduction. Biol Reprod 2018;99:907–921. doi: 10.1093/biolre/ioy115
14. Rao M, Yang Z, Su C, et al: Paternal subclinical hypothyroidism affects the clinical outcomes of in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Thyroid 2021;31:12–22. doi: 10.1089/thy.2020.0154
15. Monaghan AM, Mulhern MS, Mc Sorley EM, et al: Associations between maternal thyroid function in pregnancy and child neurodevelopmental outcomes at 20 months in the Seychelles Child Development Study, Nutrition Cohort 2 (SCDS NC2). J Nutr Sci 2021;10:e71. doi: 10.1017/jns.2021.66
16. Chen J, Zhu J, Huang X, et al: Subclinical hypothyroidism with negative for thyroid peroxidase antibodies in pregnancy: intellectual development of offspring. Thyroid 2022;32:449–458. doi: 10.1089/thy.2021.0374
17. Cecere J, Purswell B, Panciera D: Levothyroxine supplementation in hypothyroid bitches during pregnancy. Theriogenology 2020;142:48–53. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.09.036
18. Johnson CA: Thyroid issues in reproduction. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 2002;17:129–132. doi: 10.1053/svms.2002.34643
19. David LP: Conditions associated with canine hypothyroidism. Vet Clin Small Am Pract 2001;31:935–950. doi: 10.1016/S0195-5616(01)50006-6
20. Wilborn RR, Maxwell HS: Clinical approaches to infertility in the bitch. Vet Clin Small Am Pract 2012;42:457–468. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2012.01.016
21. Panciera D, Purswell B, Kolster K: Effect of short-term hypothyroidism on reproduction in the bitch. Theriogenology 2007;68:316–321. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.04.026
22. Panciera D, Purswell B, Kolster K, et al: Reproductive effects of prolonged experimentally induced hypothyroidism in bitches. J Vet Intern Med 2012;26:326–333. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00872.x
23. Thuróczy J, Müller L, Kollár E, et al: Thyroxin and progesterone concentrations in pregnant, nonpregnant bitches, and bitches during abortion. Theriogenology 2016;85:1186–1191. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.11.035
24. Conaway D, Padgett G, Bunton T, et al: Clinical and histological features of primary progressive, familial thyroiditis in a colony of borzoi dogs. Vet Pathol 1985;22:439–446. doi: 10.1177/030098588502200502
25. Johnson C, Nachreiner R, Mullaney T, et al: Reproductive manifestations of hypothyroidism. Santa Barbara, CA: Canine Practice, 1997, p. 29–30.
26. Johnson C, Olivier NB, Nachreiner R, et al: Effect of 131 I-induced hypothyroidism on indices of reproductive function in adult male dogs. J Vet Intern Med 1999;13:104–110. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1999.tb01137.x
2. Fritz TE, Lombard LS, Tyler SA, et al: Pathology and familial incidence of orchitis and its relation to thyroiditis in a closed beagle colony. Exp Mol Pathol 1976;24:142–158. doi: 10.1016/0014-4800(76)90002-2
3. Panciera D: Hypothyroidism in dogs. In: J Rand, editor. Clinical Endocrinology of Companion Animals. John Wiley & Sons, 2013, p. 263–272. doi: 10.1002/9781118997093
4. Benjamin S, Stephens L, Hamilton B, et al: Associations between lymphocytic thyroiditis, hypothyroidism, and thyroid neoplasia in beagles. Vet Pathol 1996;33:486–496. doi: 10.1177/030098589603300502
5. Conaway DH, Padgett GA, Nachreiner RF, et al: The familial occurrence of lymphocytic thyroiditis in borzoi dogs. Am J Med Genet 1985;22:409–414. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.1320220226
6. Åhlgren J, Uimari P: Heritability of hypothyroidism in the Finnish Hovawart population. Acta Vet Scand 2015;58:1–5. doi: 10.1186/s13028-016-0221-8
7. Segalini V, Hericher T, Grellet A, et al: Thyroid function and infertility in the dog: a survey in five breeds. Reprod Domest Anim 2009;44:211–213. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2009.01445.x
8. Gaughan KR, Bruyette DS: Thyroid function testing in Greyhounds. Am J Vet Res 2001;62:1130–1133. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1130
9. Shiel RE, Sist M, Nachreiner RF, et al: Assessment of criteria used by veterinary practitioners to diagnose hypothyroidism in sighthounds and investigation of serum thyroid hormone concentrations in healthy Salukis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010;236:302–308. doi: 10.2460/javma.236.3.302
10. Hegstad-Davies RL, Torres SM, Sharkey LC, et al: Breed-specific reference intervals for assessing thyroid function in seven dog breeds. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015;27:716–727. doi: 10.1177/1040638715606953
11. Panakova L, Koch H, Kolb S, et al: Thyroid testing in Sloughis. J Vet Intern Med 2008;22:1144–1148. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0155.x
12. Graham PA, Refsal KR, Nachreiner RF: Etiopathologic findings of canine hypothyroidism. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2007;37:617–631. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2007.05.002
13. Silva JF, Ocarino NM, Serakides R: Thyroid hormones and female reproduction. Biol Reprod 2018;99:907–921. doi: 10.1093/biolre/ioy115
14. Rao M, Yang Z, Su C, et al: Paternal subclinical hypothyroidism affects the clinical outcomes of in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Thyroid 2021;31:12–22. doi: 10.1089/thy.2020.0154
15. Monaghan AM, Mulhern MS, Mc Sorley EM, et al: Associations between maternal thyroid function in pregnancy and child neurodevelopmental outcomes at 20 months in the Seychelles Child Development Study, Nutrition Cohort 2 (SCDS NC2). J Nutr Sci 2021;10:e71. doi: 10.1017/jns.2021.66
16. Chen J, Zhu J, Huang X, et al: Subclinical hypothyroidism with negative for thyroid peroxidase antibodies in pregnancy: intellectual development of offspring. Thyroid 2022;32:449–458. doi: 10.1089/thy.2021.0374
17. Cecere J, Purswell B, Panciera D: Levothyroxine supplementation in hypothyroid bitches during pregnancy. Theriogenology 2020;142:48–53. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.09.036
18. Johnson CA: Thyroid issues in reproduction. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 2002;17:129–132. doi: 10.1053/svms.2002.34643
19. David LP: Conditions associated with canine hypothyroidism. Vet Clin Small Am Pract 2001;31:935–950. doi: 10.1016/S0195-5616(01)50006-6
20. Wilborn RR, Maxwell HS: Clinical approaches to infertility in the bitch. Vet Clin Small Am Pract 2012;42:457–468. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2012.01.016
21. Panciera D, Purswell B, Kolster K: Effect of short-term hypothyroidism on reproduction in the bitch. Theriogenology 2007;68:316–321. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.04.026
22. Panciera D, Purswell B, Kolster K, et al: Reproductive effects of prolonged experimentally induced hypothyroidism in bitches. J Vet Intern Med 2012;26:326–333. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00872.x
23. Thuróczy J, Müller L, Kollár E, et al: Thyroxin and progesterone concentrations in pregnant, nonpregnant bitches, and bitches during abortion. Theriogenology 2016;85:1186–1191. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.11.035
24. Conaway D, Padgett G, Bunton T, et al: Clinical and histological features of primary progressive, familial thyroiditis in a colony of borzoi dogs. Vet Pathol 1985;22:439–446. doi: 10.1177/030098588502200502
25. Johnson C, Nachreiner R, Mullaney T, et al: Reproductive manifestations of hypothyroidism. Santa Barbara, CA: Canine Practice, 1997, p. 29–30.
26. Johnson C, Olivier NB, Nachreiner R, et al: Effect of 131 I-induced hypothyroidism on indices of reproductive function in adult male dogs. J Vet Intern Med 1999;13:104–110. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1999.tb01137.x
Published
2023-12-27
How to Cite
Cecere J. (2023). Hypothyroidism in canine reproduction. Clinical Theriogenology, 15. https://doi.org/10.58292/ct.v15.9916
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Review Reports
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