Is there a future for surgical contraception in the dog?

Abstract

Many scientific studies have focused on the potential detrimental effects of surgical castration. Some studies observed an increase in the
risk of developing certain types of cancers in neutered animals, males and females. However, there often appears to have been a breed
predisposition. There are contradictory data about neutering effect on lifespan, probably due to the fact that sterilized and intact dogs
do not face similar risks in their daily life. Castration often reduces unwanted behaviors, but may increase certain types of aggression
towards other dogs or even humans, depending on the age when neutered. Other potentially increased risks reported in castrated dogs
and bitches are bone and joint problems, including predisposition to hip dysplasia in some breeds, urinary incontinence in bitches,
development of a ‘puppy coat’ or even loss of cognitive functions. Vasectomy or hysterectomy without ovariectomy may be surgical
alternatives, but the best approach is probably to refer to guidelines for a rational choice to satisfy owners and optimize dogs’ health.