Avian reproductive tract diseases and surgical resolutions

Abstract

Reproductive tract disease is a commonplace in avian practice, particularly among female birds. Unique anatomy and physiology
of the avian reproductive tract results in a highly productive but poorly accessible organ system. Affected hens are commonly presented
with nonspecific lethargy, coelomic swelling and sometimes laying abnormal eggs. Reproductive diseases are less common
in male birds; however, they are well described. Although many reproductive tract diseases can be managed medically, there is
a definite need for surgical intervention in some cases. Because of internal location, various disease processes and even normal
physiologic processes can dramatically alter patient presentations. For this reason, a clear understanding of avian female anatomy
and male reproductive tracts is vital to diagnose and treat disorders. This manuscript focuses on recognition and treatment
(emphasizing surgical management) of avian reproductive tract diseases. Because of the unique avian reproductive anatomy and
frequent need for surgical correction of disorders, the organization of the manuscript starts with descriptions of coelom and basic
surgical principles.