Reproductive emergencies in camelids

Abstract

Theriogenological emergencies represent the overwhelming majority of emergencies in camelid practice. The objective of the present paper is to discuss the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis for the most common male and female camelid reproductive emergencies. Male reproductive emergencies are dominated by traumatic injuries to the external genitalia, urolithiasis, and heat stress which severely compromise future reproductive ability. In the non-pregnant female, most emergencies are related to iatrogenic trauma or congenital abnormalities. Common emergencies of genital origin in the pregnant female are uterine torsion and vaginal prolapse. Non-surgical and surgical approaches to obstetrical emergencies are discussed. Management of postpartum emergencies (i.e. uterine prolapse, vaginal prolapse and uterine hemorrhage) is also presented.